terms of use

PPprepositional phrase)  description three symbols
terms of use  

1The first is in the form of an arrow  it can be interpreted as consists of or rewrites as It is typically used in the following type of ruleNP Art N eg the dog article (Art) the and a noun (N) dog 

2 The second symbol is a pair of round brackets ( ) As an optional constituent Eg "the dog or the small dog" NP Art ( Adj) N
3 The third symbol is in the form of curly brackets { } We use these types of brackets when we want to indicate that there is a choice from two or more constituents Eg the dog (article plus noun), or it (pronoun), or Cathy (proper noun) Using the abbreviations pro (for pronoun) and PN (for proper noun)
NP(Art N-Pro – PN ) {} {, ,}
Tree diagrams our diagrams could capture some aspects of the hierarchical organization of those structures This kind of tree with its branches shown on the right seems to grow down rather than up it functions rather well as a diagram representing all the grammatical information found in the other analysis on the left We begin with a sentence (S) and a divide  it into two constituents (NP & VP) In turn, the NP constituent is divided into two other constituents (Art& N) finally, one word is selected that fits the label Art (the) and another that fits N (girl)
Phrase structure rules these rules state that the structure of a phrase of a specific type will consist of one or more constituents in a particular order We can use phrase structure rules to present the information of the tree diagram in another format
 NPArt N
according to this rule a noun phrase rewrites as an article followed by a noun The first rule in the following set of simple (and necessarily incomplete) phrase structure rule states that a sentence rewrites as a noun phrase and a verb phrase The second rule states that a noun phrase rewrites as either an article an optional adjective and a noun or a pronoun or a proper noun
SNP VP
 NP{Art (Adj) N, Pro, PN}
VPV NP (PP) (Adv)
PPPrep NP
Lexical rules that specify which words can be used when we rewrite constituents such as N
 PN{Mary, George}
N{girl, dog, boy}
Art {a, the}
Pro{it, you}
V{followed, helped, saw}
Adj{small, crazy}
Prep{near, with}
Adv{recently Yesterday}
Eg
the girl followed the boy "Art ,N ,V ,Art ,N"
A boy helped the dog "Art, N,V, Art ,N"
You saw it yesterday " Pro ,V, pro ,Adv"
Complement Phrases The word that as used in these example is called a complementizer (C) The role of that as a complementizer is to introduce a complement phrase (CP) We already know that Mary helped George is a sentence